INTRODUCTION:

Most typical dose forms, as tablets, capsules, creams, lotions, and gels with immediate unharness, ar unsophis- ticated and show an oversized range of deficiencies, like poor bioavailability, skin and internal organ irritation, adverse reaction, and toxic effects of the active agents. Thus, the technology of modified drug release represents one in every of the foremost vital areas of Pharmaceutical Sciences, with the aim of causative to both human and animal health, additionally as giving many advantages (sustained, controlled, and/or site-specific release) compared with typical dose forms. Microsponges ar modern drug delivery systems capable of entrap a better drug concentration thanks to interconnecting networks or pores.

These channels ar accountable to maintain the structure of microsponges. These chemical compound particles ar style to delivery active agents with efficiency at the minimum dose and additionally enhance stability and scale back facet effects. Even the microsponges having atiny low size, they're not small enough to permeate the skin and being absorbed topically by the body; therefore, the microsponges ar tactful drug delivery systems for topical used. Microsponges them-selves cannot experience the skin, however accumulate within the tiny nooks and crannies of the skin, and unharness slowly the entrapped drug because the skin needs. the discharge and permeation will be additionally stimulant responsive and unharness the active in line with completely different pH, temperature, and rubbing or with pass of the time.¹

The microsponge technology was developed by Won in 1987, and additionally the first patents were allotted to Advanced Compound Systems, Inc. This company developed AN outsized vary of variations of the procedures and those area unit applied to the cosmetic additionally as over-the- counter (OTC) and prescription pharmaceutical product. At the current time, this attention-grabbing technology has been licensed to Cardinal Health, Inc., to be utilized in topical products. The scanning research of the microsponge particle reveals that its internal structure as the “bag of marbles”.

The Microsponge Drug Delivery System has benefits over alternative technologies like microencapsulation and liposomes. Microcapsules cannot typically management the discharge rate of actives. Once the wall is burst the actives contained among microcapsules are discharged. vesicle suffers from lower payload, tough formulation, limited chemical stability and microbic instability.²

Definition:

The microsponges technology was developed by Won in 1987. Microsponges are polymeric delivery systems s composed of porous microspheres. They are having size range from 5 to 300 micron. It is a unique technology for controlled drug delivery. They are tiny Sponge like spherical particles with a large porous surface. It is a Novel strategy for drug delivery systems -they enhance stability, reduce side effects and modify drug release favourably-they are mostly used for topical use.

NEED OF MICROSPONGES:

Microsponges area unit designed to deliver a pharmaceutical active ingredient with efficiency at the minimum dose and also to enhance stability, reduce side effects, and modify drug releases.

General Characteristics of Microsponges:

Microsponges square measure compound delivery systems of active pharmaceutical agents with potential to be incorporated into a good variable of pharmaceutical dose forms, e.g., gels, emulsions, tablets, and capsules, set up by porous microspheres. Each flyspeck (size vary from five to 300 three hundred in periphery) consists by hitching channels forming an on-collapsible structure, with an outsized pervious. The pores type associate degree continued arrangement Open the outside face of micro particles. Which allow the prolixity of the entangled medicine at a controlled rate looking on the severance size. Besides that external triggers jointly impact the discharge, as pH, temperature and catalysis declination in operation website and. Disunion throughout operation³

Recent Advances in Microsponge Formulation:

Advances in technology developed by adapting the methods to create nanosponges and porous small pellets include Cyclodextrin (CD) primarily based nano-sponges for drug delivery. These advanced drug delivery systems are utilized for oral administration of varied medication like dexamethasone, flurbiprofen, antibiotic drug coordination compound, itraconazole, This This β-CD molecule is cross-linked by reacting the β-CD with biphenyl carbonate and these form the nanosponges as advanced. Researchers have determined that the addition of a cytotoxic substance because the carrier system within the formulation that can be inflated the drug efficiency and are often utilized in targeting the cancer cells and additionally as carriers for the delivery of gases^4.

Method of preparation of microsponges drug delivery system:

The drug loading in microsponge drug delivery system is done in 2 ways that, the ballroom dancing method or by twostep processed as mentioned in liquid-liquid suspension chemical process and similar emulsion solvent diffusion methodology that square measure based mostly upon the physicochemical properties of the drug that's loaded to be. If the drug is often inert non- polar material, can produce the porous structure it's known as porogen. Porogen drug that neither hinders the polymerization nor becomes activated by it and stable to free radicals square measure entrapped with one step process⁵.

Liquid-liquid suspension polymerization:

In general, an answer is created comprising of monomers and also the practical or active ingredients, which are immiscible with water. This section is then suspended with agitation in associate degree liquid section, usually containing additives, like surfactants and dispersants, to market suspension. Once the suspension is established with separate droplets of the desired size, chemical action is established by activating the monomers either by contact action, increased temperature or irradiation. On completion of chemical action produced solid particles were recovered from the suspension. Particles were washed and dried for further use twenty five⁶.

B) Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion:

This Method is generally used for the preparation of oral And topical microsponges. In this method two Phases were prepared, inner organic phase and Outer aqueous phase. In the inner organic phase polymer is dissolved in Ethyl alcohol and drug is dissolved in this solution By ultrasonication at room temperature. The outer Phase consists PVA solution in water. The solution is stirred and filtered for further use. The inner Phase mixed in outer phase on mechanical stirrer Dropwise. On the stirring the Quasi emulsion Droplet was formed which may further evaporation Of organic solvent produces the solid microsponge Cages. The prepared microsponges are filtered and Dried in oven for 12 h⁷

Pharmaceutical Utilization of Microsponges:

Microsponges may be utilized in form of applications. it's used principally for topical and recently for oral administration. many patents have according that it can be used as Associate in Nursing excipients thanks to its high loading capacity and sustained unharness ability.

1] Long lasting colored Cosmetics: Colours entrapped in microsponges is also employed in a variety of colored cosmetic product like rouge or lipsticks to create them long lasting. As expressed higher thanmicrosponges facilitate in uniform spreading and rising covering power. Thus, coloured cosmetics developed with microsponges would be extremely elegant.⁹

2] For topical administration:

A single microsponge is as little as a particle of talcum powder, activity but simple fraction of an in. in diameter. sort of a true sponge, every microsphere consists of a myriad of interconnecting voids among a non-collapsible structure which will settle for a good selection of substances. The outer surface is usually porous, allowing the controlled flow of drugs into and out of the sphere. many primary characteristics, or parameters, of the microsponge system may be outlined during the assembly section to get spheres that ar tailored to specific product applications and vehicle compatibility. Microsponge systems ar manufactured from biologically inert polymers. intensive safety studies have incontestible that the polymers ar non-irritating, non- agent, non-allergenic, non-toxic and nonbiodegradable. As a result, the build cannot convert them into alternative substances or break them down. Although they're microscopic in size, these systems ar too large to withstand the corneum onceincorporated into topical product. bleach is commonly employed in topical formulations for the treatment of acne, with skin irritation as a typical aspect result.¹⁰

For oral administration:

In oral applications, the microsponge system has been shown to increase the speed of solubilization of poorly water soluble drugs by entrapping such drugs among the microsponge system's pores. As these pores unit really small, the drug is in impact reduced to microscopic particles and thus the important increase among the expanse thus greatly can increase the speed of solubilisation. Controlled oral delivery of isobutylphenyl carboxylic acid microsponges is achieved with associate acrylic compound, Eudragit RS, by changing their intraparticle density. Sustained unleash formulation of medicine, victimization powdercoated microsponges, is prepared by the dry impact blending methodology, for oral drug delivery.¹¹

For Bone and Tissue Engineering:

Compounds were obtained by mix pre polymerized powders of acrylic resin and liquid methyl group methacrylate chemical compound with 2 liquid dispersions of tricalcium phosphate grains and metallic element deficient hydroxyapatite powders. the ultimate composites appeared to be porous and acted as microsponges. Basic formative cell growth factor (bFGF) incorporated during a scleroprotein sponge sheet was sustained free within the mouse sub-cutis according to the biodegradation of the sponge matrix, and exhibited native angiogenic activity during a dosedependent manner.

Advantages:

Microcapsules cannot typically management the release rate of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Once the wall is damaged the API contained among the microcapsules are going to be released. Will the MDS will do it, is that the question. Liposomes suffer from a lower pay load, tough formulation, limited chemical stability, and microbic instability. Do the MDS have a large vary of chemical stability and are they simple to formulate? MDS have stability over a pH vary of 1 – 11. Stable up to temperature 130°C. Pay load is up to 50 – 60 minutes. Free flowing and value effective. Microsponges are microscopic spheres capable of gripping skin secretions, therefore, reducing oiliness and shine from the skin.

· Advanced oil management, absorb up to six times its weight while not drying

· Improved product elegancy

· MDS permits the incorporation of immiscible product.

· Extended unleash, reduced irritation formulas

· Permits novel product kind

· These are non-irritating, non-mutagenic, non-allergenic and non-toxic.

· Improved product aesthetics. Extended unleash, continuous action up to twelve hours -Reduced irritation, higher tolerance implies that broader shopper acceptance.

Disadvantages:

Preparation ways sometimes use organic solvents as porogens, that cause AN environmental hazard, as some is also extremely burnable, motion a security hazard. In some cases, the traces of residual monomers are discovered, which can be toxicant and dangerous to health.

Properties of the Actives for the defence into Microsponges:

· It should be either totally mixable during a compound or Capable of being created mixable by the addition of a Small amount of a water-immiscible solvent.

· It should be water incompatible or at the most only slightly Soluble.

· It should be inert to monomers and will not increase The body of the mixture throughout formulation.

· It should be stable once in touch with the Polymerization catalyst and below conditions of Polymerization.

· The spherical structure of the microsponges shouldn’t Collapse.Potential applications of microsponge systems Microsponges are used wide to develop drug and Cosmetic product for topical administration and recently for oral administration. are designed to Deliver the drug with efficiency at the minimum dose and additionally to enhance stability, reduce side effects, and modify drug Release^.19Marketed formulation based on microsponge materials List of marketed product victimisation microsponge drug delivery System are given in.

Current Perspective of Microsponges:

The drug delivery technology landscape has become extremely competitive and speedily evolving. more and additional developments in delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the effectivity and cost-effectiveness of the medical care in recent times, microsponge delivery system (MDS) has been successively self-addressed for the controlled release of medicine onto the epidermis. Microsponge is recent novel technique for management release and target specific drug delivery system. Drug loaded microsponge include microporous beads, typically 10-25μm in diameter that possess a versatility to entrap wide selection of active agents. Microsponge Systems ar supported microscopic, polymer-based microspheres that can suspend or entrap a large style of substance. Microsponge technology offers entrapment of ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, enhanced class, and increased formulation flexibility. additionally, numerous studies have confirmed that microsponge systems ar non-irritating, non-allergenic and non-toxic. MDS technology is getting used presently in cosmetics skin care, sunscreens. one amongst the simplest feature is it's self-sterilizing. it additionally expands its application in oral drug delivery, bone and tissue engineering. The versatile and unique properties ofMDS created it ideal carrier of medicine with shorter half-lives and medicines that ar suffering from 1st pass metabolism Increased developments in drug delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the effectivity and value effectiveness of the medical aid. With increasing competition and enhanced need for client friendliness, in transdermal drug delivery systems have gained a lot of importance. more controlled release of medication through the epidermis with sureness that the drug remains in the main localized which doesn't enter the circulation in significant amounts is assumed to be a part of analysis that has only recently been addressed successfully.

Drug Formulated as Microsponges:

Various polymers like Eudragit RS100, ethylcellulose, styrene, PHEMA, etc. Are used in forming microsponges. Further, these active microsponges will be incorporated into formulations, like capsules, gel and powders, and share a broad package of advantages ¹³. The microsponges have demonstrated their use in cosmetics and prescription drugs viz. Antifungal vaginal gel, in increased inflammatory disease medical aid, as silver sulfadiazine-loaded microsponge gel for burn wounds, in gastroretentive delivery, as matrix tablet and in colon-specific drug delivery system, etc.^14.

1. Mechanism of drug release from:

Microsponges:

Drug release from microsponges occurred over time in response to at least one or a lot of external triggers such as (temperature, pressure, pH, and solubility)¹⁸

1.1. Pressure:

Rubbing or pressure applied will release active ingredients from microsponge onto the skin.

1.2. Temperature:

The rate of the active ingredient from microsponges was affected by activity.

With increased skin temperature, the rate of flow is also increased and thus release is {also|is additionally} enhanced.

1.3. pH

Triggering the pH-based release of the active Ingredient is occurred by modifying the coating on the microsponges.

1.4. Solubility

Microsponges loaded with hydrophilic active Ingredients like antiseptics and antiperspirants Will be discharged within the presence of liquid media. The release also can be achieved by diffusion but Taking into consideration, the partition constant ofThe ingredient between the microsponges and therefore the External system

2. Physical characterization of microsponges:

2.1. Production yield (PY):

The PY (%) of the TMM-loaded microsponges was Determined by calculative precisely the start Weight of the combined materials and also theUltimate weight of the microsponges, according toThe following equation¹⁶.

The ultimate weight of microsponges (mg)

PY (%)= ------------------------------------------------- X 100

(The starting weight (polymer + drug) (mg))

2.2. Particle size:

Particle size examination of microsponges can be Carried out by laser lightweight diffractometer or any Suitable methods. The values (d50) is expressed For all formulations as a mean size vary. Particles Larger than 30µm will impart gritty feeling and Hence particles of size 10 to 25µm are preferred to Use in a final topical formulation.

2.3. entrapment efficiency (E.E.):

The obtained loaded-microsponges were mixed withA suitable quantity of phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH= 7.4) or the other suitable solvent to permit drug extraction with continuous shaking. Then, the drug content was determined by measurement theabsorbance at the preset wavelength of the drug. The E.E. (%) was calculated related to the following equation:

The actual drug content in microsponges

E. E. (%)= ----------------------------------------- X 100

Theoretical drug content

2.4. Morphology and surface topography of Microsponges Microsponges is coated with gold-palladiumunder an argon atmosphere at temperature. Then the scanning microscopy was used to study the surface morphology of the microsponges^17.

2.5. Compatibility Studies:

Thin-layer chromatography and Fourier Infra-red spectroscopy can be used to estimate the compatibility between medicine and excipients. Drug crystallinitycan be studied by X-ray diffraction and Differential Scanning colorimetric analysis^16.

2.6. Dissolution studies

Dissolution equipment USP with certain modifications was used for learning the dissolution profile of the loaded microsponges. The dissolution medium is chosen by considering the solubility of the drug to confirm sink conditions. After completely different time intervals, samples were withdrawn from the dissolution medium and analyzed by a suitable analytical methodology. Then, the kinetics studies were done by fitting the in-vitrodrug release information to completely different models to determine the dynamics of drug release from the prepared microsponges^15.

Limitations:

The preparation methods typically use organic solvents as porogens, which pose usually environmental hazard, as some may be extremely burnable, posing a safety hazard. In some cases, the traces of residual monomers are observed, which can be toxic and unsafe to heat

3. Applications of microsponges in cosmetics and dermatology:

The original patents for microsponge technology developed by Won in 1987 were allotted to Advanced compound Systems, Inc. This company applied the microsponge technology for cosmetic, over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription pharmaceutical product One of the most necessary features of microsponge is their Ability to absorb skin secretions, i.e., oil and sweat²⁰. Due to Their extremely absorbent nature, many microsponge loaded deodorants, antiperspirants and sunscreens are commercially Available. Further, microsponge drug delivery systems is Used for skin targeting, avoiding excessive absorption of drug Into the transdermic blood circulation. This feature may Prove a boon in skin disorders, like carcinoma, wounds, acne, Alopecia, sunburn, sweating and wrinkles.

3.1 Microsponges for anti-acne drugs:

Acne may be a common skin disease in young adults^21. Although, topical medical care is that the main strategy for its treatment, associated side effects with various topical antiacne bioactive molecules have an effect on their utility and patient compliance. Somepotential novel carriers and delivery systems like liposomes microemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanolipid carriers are explored to boost topical opposing inflammatory disease therapy. Recently, microsponges are planned as an advanced drug delivery system, ready to optimize drug activity profile foranti inflammatory disease agents. benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is first line topical agent utilized for management of skin problem, due to its bactericidal activity against Propionibacterium acnes ²² Erythromycin is another drug of selection used to treat acne by reducing the amount of Propionebacterium acnes on the skin. However, the drug causes gastric irritation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and is definitely inactivated within the gastric environment.

3.2 Microsponges for anti-fungal drugs:

Fungal infection of the skin is one in all the most wide experienced dermatological diseases worldwide^23.according to recent reports, more than 25th of world’s population is affected by this disorder. The progression of fungal infection will be rapid and serious because of compromising immune function.Oral administration of an antifungal drug will increase thechances of gastric irritation and systemic side effects. Therefore, topical therapy is an attractive choice for the treatment of cutaneous infections. This therapy also provides benefits like drug targeting at the site of infection and reduction in systemic side effects. the most common and effective topical antifungals are polyenes, azoles, allylamines, and their derivatives. In some studies, attention has been paid to the triazole derivatives, having broad-spectrum antifungal activity and low toxicity . Fluconazole, a triazole derivative widely used for mycoses (especially superficial fungal infection) acts by inhibition of cytochrome P450 system and prevents the ergosterol synthesis, a main component of fungous membrane²⁴. It is used orally in the treatment of dermatophytosis and topically for cutaneous leishmaniasis^25,26. The drug release using cellulose dialysis membrane exhibited Fickian release pattern. The research group more recommended antifungal activity and in vivo animal activity for future studies²⁷. Recently, Moin et al. fabricated, characterised and evaluated fluconazole microsponges for topical fungal therapy. Thisgroup reported fluconazole microsponges as an alternate to conventional therapy for safe efficient and expedited eradication of fungal infection topically²⁸

3.3 Microsponges for atopic dermatitis:

Hydroxyzine hydrochloride is an antihistaminic drug used for the treatment of urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Blurred vision, dizziness, and anticholinergic responses are the most common side effects of this drug, once administered orally. The MDS is a unique technology reported for the controlled delivery of the topically chemical agent. Therefore, these werestudied as vehicle for topical administration of hydroxyzine hydrochloride with an attempt to reduce the facet effects and to target the drug to aspect of action. it has been shown by Zaki Rizkalla et al. that controlled release of hydroxyzine from the delivery system might reduce the side effects while reducing percutaneous absorption. Eudragit RS100, based microsponges of the drug were fabricated by the oil in oil emulsion solvent diffusion method, with acetone as dispersing solvent and liquid paraffin because the continuous medium. Magnesium stearate was more to the form in order to stop flocculation and to obtain free flowing microsponges. Pore inducers, such as sucrose and PGS, were used to enhance the release rate of drug due to their water absorption and disintegrant properties. Microsponges with nearly 98% encapsulation efficiency and 60–70% porosity were obtained. The pharmacodynamic effect of the chosen preparation was investigated using histamine-sensitized rabbits. Histopathological studies were also carried for the detectionof the healing of inflamed tissues²⁹

3.4 Microsponges for anti-hyperpigmenting agents:

Hyperpigmentation disorders like melasma and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) are difficult to treat as well as is distressing for patients. several of the skin lightening product like hydroquinone creams available within the market prove toxic to skin melanocytes and cause skin irritation similarly. Some researchers explored microsponge primarily based topical delivery system to beat these problems. Grimeset al. reportable the potential use of hydroquinone (HQ) 4-dimensional and A 0.15% entrapped in microsponge reservoirs for the treatment of melasma and PIH. Results reported minimum skin irritation as microsponges altered the release rate of the drug and prolonged the treatment exposure.

3.5 Micosponges for anti-bacterial drugs:

Infections, especially skin infections triggered by multiple bacteria represent an intensive complication that threats the human health. This encourages the researchers to search out another for management of skin disorders by encapsulating the antibacterial drugs in novel carrier systems to boost their efficacy³⁰.A topical antibiotic used for skin infection is mupirocin. it's a drug of choice for the suppression of inflammation, produced by pseudomonas fluorescens, bacterium that inhibits the growth of various dermatophytes and Pityrosporum. It binds to the enzyme iso-leucyl of bacterial RNAsynthetase, and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis^31,32

It is metabolized slowly in skin to the antimicrobially inactive metabolite monic acid. Anti bacterial potential of babchi oil loaded microsponges was explored by Wadhwa et al. using dermal bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococci aureus and escherichia coli).In vitro toxicity was evaluated to explore dermal safety of fabricated microsponges, on HaCaT cell lines (dermal cellswith respect to pure babchi oil. Further, improved photostability and stability of babchi oil loaded microsponges wasdemonstrated. This study advocated the micropsonges as potential carriers for enhancement of safety, stability and efficacy of babchi oil³³

Safety aspects:

The true worth of a delivery system is judged on the basis of its ability to deliver effective concentration of the chemical agent without compromising on the protection aspects. In other words, the drug should be discharged from the delivery system in such a manner that it doesn't induce any irritation, toxicity, genotoxicity or immunogenicity. In this concern, the delivery system loaded with the active agent can play a key role by modulating its release and, further, may even modify this correlation by facilitatingintrafollicular penetration and decreasing its transdermal uptake³⁴. Some groups of researchers have checked skin irritation potential of microsponge based topical formulations, whose results area unit evaluated in terms of erythma, oedema and irritation, using rats or rabbits as animal model. Active agent such as eberconazole nitrate, oxybenzone and silversulfadiazine ³⁵ have been, thus, investigated. Their findingshave proved the potential of those delivery systems to subdue or eliminate the skin irritancy.

Recent advances in porous drug delivery Systems:

Although merits of microporous systems in dermatologica Preparations are well verified, within the current times when Nanotechnology is dominating all the spheres of scientific endeavours, nanosized porous systems are being approached as a further advancement to their microsized counterparts. Nanosponges are hyper cross-linked polymer based mostly Colloidal structures, consisting of countless interconnecting Voids within a collapsible structure with porous surface³⁶These supply passive targeting of dermal agents to skin leading to dosage form retention on skin, total dose reduction and Systemic absorption avoidance. Very few analysis groups have Attempted to investigate these nanoporous carriers for encapsulating dermally relevant moieties. Swaminanthan et al. Formulated cyclodextrin nanosponges for solubility enhancement of itraconazole, a poorly water soluble drug. The Babchi oil loaded cyclodextrin nanosponges were also fancied by our analysis group for solubility and photostability enhancement of entrapped oil³⁷.

CONCLUSION:

The microsponge delivery technology of controlled release system within which active pharmaceutical ingredientis loaded within the macro porous beads and initiatesreduction in aspect effects with improved therapeutic efficacy. Microsponge is effectively incorporatedinto topical drug delivery system for retention of dose form on skin, and additionally use for oral delivery of medicationusing bio erodible polymers, particularly for colon specificdelivery and controlled unleash drug delivery system so improving patient compliance by providing site specific drug delivery system and prolonging dose intervals.

This technology is getting used presently in cosmetics, over-the-counter skin care, sunscreens, and prescription products. this type of drug delivery technology could leadto a much better understanding of the healing of many diseases. Hence, the microsponge-based drug delivery technology is probably going to become a valuable drug deliverymatrix substance for varied therapeutic applications inthe future.

A Microsponge Delivery System will entrap wide selection of actives and so unleash them onto the heal a time and in response to trigger. it's a singular technology forthe controlled unleash of topical agents and consists of microporous beads loaded with chemical agent and conjointly use for oral still as biopharmaceutical drug delivery. A Microsponge Delivery System will unleash its active ingredient on a time mode and conjointly in response to alternative stimuli. so microsponge has loads of potential and is a very emerging field that is required to be explored.

REFERENCE:

1. Aloorkar NH, Kulkarni a S, Ingale DJ, Patil R a. Microsponges as innovative drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotechnol 2012;5

2. Patel UB, Patel HM, Shah CN, A review- Recent research on microsponge a novel new drug delivery system, International Journal of Advances in Pharmaceutics, 2018; 07 (03): 10-16

3. Patil RS, Kemkar VU, Patil SS. Microsponge drug delivery system: a novel dosage form. Am J PharmTech Res. 2012; 2:227–51.

4. Trotta F, Cavalli R, Tumiatti W. Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges fordrug delivery. J Inc Phenom Macrocyclic Chem 2006; 56:209-13.

5. Angamuthu M, Nanjappa SH, Raman V, Jo S, Cegu P, MurthySN. Controlled-release injectable containing terbinafine/ PLGA microspheres for onychomycosis treatment. J Pharm Sci.2014;103(4):1178–83.

6. Sagavkar SR and Mohit SK: Innovative and novel strategy: Microsponges drug delivery system. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Biosciences 2014; 3(4)7)

7. Rajurkar VG, Tambe AB and Deshmukh VK: Topical anti-inflammatory gels of naproxen entrapped in eudragit based microsponge delivery system. Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering. 2015; 5(2): 2-6

8. Nawal A and Mohammad S: Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of piroxicam microsponge as a tablet. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016; 8(2): 104-11.

9. Bhumika Sharma, Arvind Sharma. Future prospect of nanotechnology in development of anti-ageing formulations. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 4(3), 2012, 57-66.

10. Sarat C. P. M., Ajay M., Nagendra B.B., Prathyusha P., Audinarayana N., Bhaskar R.K. Microsponge Drug Delivery System. A Review. J. Pharm. Res. 2011; 4(5): 1381-1384.

11. D‟souza JI. In-vitro Antibacterial and Skin Irritation Studies of Microsponges of Benzoyl Peroxide. Indian Drugs. 2001, 38(7): 23.

12. Khopade AJ, Jain S, Jain NK. The Microsponge. East Pharm. 1996; 39:49-53.

13. John I. D'souza, Jagdish K. Saboji, Suresh G. Killedar, Harinath N. More “Design and Evaluation of Benzoyl Peroxide Microsponges to Enhance Therapeutic Efficacy in Acne Treatment”, Accepted for presentation in 20th FAPA Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, Nov Dec 3, 200428

14. Pawar AP, Gholap AP, Kuchekar AB, Bothiraja C, Mali AJ. Formulation and evaluation of optimized oxybenzone microsponge gel for topical delivery. J Drug Deliv. 2015; 2015:261068. doi: 10.1155/2015/261068.

15. Salwa S, Ghada EAA, Makhlouf AIA. Improved vaginal retention and enhanced antifungal activity of miconazole microsponges gel, formulation development and in vivo therapeutic efficacy in rats. EJPS. 2018;114:255–266.

16. Bruschi, M. L. 2015. Strategies to modify the drug release from pharmaceutical systems, Woodhead Publishing.

17. Moin, A., Deb, T. K., Osmani, R. A. M., Bhosale, R. R. and Hani, U. 2016. Fabrication, characterization, and evaluation of microspongedelivery system for facilitated fungal therapy. J Basic Clin Pharm., 7, 39.

18. Orlu, M., Cevher, E. and Araman, A. 2006. Design and evaluation of colon specific drug delivery system containing flurbiprofen microsponges. Int J Pharm, 318, 103-117

19. Singhvi, G., Manchanda, P., Hans, N., Dubey, S. K. & Gupta, G. 2019. Microsponge: an emerging drug delivery strategy. Drug Develop Res, 80, 200-208.

20. Khopade AJ, Jain S, Jain NK. The Microsponge. East Pharm 1996; 39:49-53

21. Barde PM, Basarkar GD. Formulation, development and invitro evaluation of terbinafine HCl microsponge gel. Int Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015; 32:310–14

22. Date AA, Naik B, Nagarsenker MS. Novel drug delivery systems: potential in improving topical delivery of antiacne agents. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006;19(1):2–16.

23. Billow JA. Acne products. Handbook of non-prescription drugs. 8th ed. Washington: DC: APhA; 1986.

24. Ameen M. Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol 2010;28(2):197–201.

25. Gennaro AR. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Baltimore, M.D.: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins;2000

26. Lesher JL Jr. Oral therapy of common superficial Fungal infections of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol1999;40: S31–4.

27. Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007; 7:581–96.

28. Shah CN, Shah DP. Design and optimization of fluconazoleMicrosponges containing ethyl cellulose for topical deliverySystem using quality by design approach. Pharma ScienceMonitor 2014; 5:95–133.

29. Moin A, Deb TK, Osmani RA, Bhosale RR, Hani U. Fabrication, characterization, and evaluation of microsponge delivery system for facilitated fungal therapy. J Basic Clin Pharm 2016;7(2):39

30. Zaki Rizkalla CM, Latif Aziz R, Soliman II. In vitro and In vivo evaluation of hydroxyzine hydrochloride Microsponges for topical delivery. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 2011; 12:989–1001.

31. Barzic AI, Ioan S. Antibacterial drugs – From basic concepts to complex therapeutic mechanisms of polymer systems. In: Bobbarala V, editor. Concepts, compounds and the Alternatives of antibacterials. London: InTech Open; 2015.Doi:10.5772/60755

32. Conly JM, Johnston BL. Mupirocin – are we in danger of Losing it? Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2002;13(3):157–9.

33. Parenti MA, Hatfield SM, Leyden JJ. Mupirocin: a topical Antibiotic with a unique structure and mechanism ofAction. Clin Pharm 1987;6(10):761–70.

34. Wadhwa G, Kumar S, Mittal V, Rao R. Encapsulation of Babchi essential oil into microsponges: physicochemicalProperties, cytotoxic evaluation and anti-microbial activity. J Food Drug Anal 2018. Doi: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.07.006

35. Fulton JE, Farzad-Bakshandeh A, Bradley S. Studies on the mechanism of action of topical benzoyl peroxide in acne vulgaris. J Cutan Pathol 1974; 1:191–200

36. Kumar PM, Ghosh A. Development and evaluation of silver sulfadiazine loaded microsponge based gel for partial thickness (second degree) burn wounds. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 96:243–54

37. Tejashri G, Amrita B, Darshana J. Cyclodextrin based nanosponges for pharmaceutical use: a review. Acta Pharm. 2013; 63(3): 335–58

38. Kumar S, Pooja, Trotta F, Rao R. Encapsulation of babchi oil in cyclodextrin-based nanosponges: physicochemical characterization, photodegradation, and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(4):169.

Received on 02.02.2022 Modified on 16.04.2022

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2022; 12(3):241-248.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2022.00040